History 406

Note: The following section has been revised to conform to the most
recent edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition (2003).

The latest version of the Chicago Style allows you to omit a bibliography, if you provide full reference information in your notes. (For the proper format for such notes, see Writing Tip #11). If you use the shortened format for all yout notes, however, you must then provide a bibliography, so that your readers can find out all of the necessary information about your sources.

What format should the bibliography take?

A bibliography in the Chicago Style should be included as the final page of your essay, beginning on a separate page and with the word "Bibliography" at the top of the page.

The works included in a bibliography are not numbered or divided into categories (although exceptions are made for very lengthy bibliographies, which will not be the case for your essays). Instead, they are listed alphabetically according to author. For modern authors, use the last name to alphabetize (but if there is more than one author, only the first author's name is reversed from normal order). For ancient and medieval authors, use the first name. For anonymous works, alphabetize by the title (but if the title begins with The, A, or An, alphabetize by the next word in the title).

The following, for example, are listed in proper alphabetical order as they would appear in a Bibliography:

Augustine of Hippo.
Ban Zhao.
Beowulf.
D'Emilio, John, and Estelle Freedman.
di Leonardo, Michaela.
The Gospel of Thomas.
Hodges, Henry.
Julius Caesar.
Marie de France.
Plato.
Spodek, Howard.

The proper format for bibliographies depends on what kind of work (whether book, article, or website) they are. Here are examples of different types of entries (note that they are different from the format for notes):

Hodges, Henry . Technology in the Ancient World. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1970.

Note the following features: The author's name is reversed from that of the notes. Now the last name comes first, followed by a comma and then the first name, followed by a period. The title is again given in full, followed by a period. The publication information is listed in the same way as in the notes, but in the bibliography it is not surrounded by parentheses. No page numbers are given.

Duby, Georges. The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century. Translated by Howard B. Clarke. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1974.

Again, note the following features: in books with subtitles, both the title and subtitle are given, separated by a comma. Translated books have "Translated by" after the title, spelled in full, followed by the translator's name.

di Leonardo, Michaela. "Warrior Virgins and Boston Marriages: Spinsterhood in History and Culture." Feminist Studies 5 (1985): 47-68.

Note the following features: As with the bibliographical references for books, authors of articles are given last name first and first name last. The title of the article is still listed in quotation marks, but followed by a period (note that the period comes before the last quotation mark). The title of the journal, the volume number, and the date of publication are listed in the same format as for the notes, but followed by a colon, then all of the pages of the article are given.

Sulpicius Severus. The Life of Saint Martin of Tours. Translated by F. R. Hoare. In Soldiers of Christ: Saints and Saints' Lives from Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Edited by Thomas F. X. Noble and Thomas Head. University Park, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995.

Note the following features: The author's name goes first (if the primary source had been written by a modern author, then the order of the name would have been last name first and first name last). The elements of the bibliography are mostly separated by periods. Both the title of the primary source as well as the collection from which it is taken are underlined or italicized. If it is a translated source, the translator's name follows the title of the primary source, and "Translated by" is capitalized and spelled in full (unlike the first note to this source, where it is simply "trans."). The word "In" precedes the title of the modern collection, and is capitalized. The editor(s) of the modern collection follow the title of the collection, also capitalized and spelled in full (again, unlike the first note, where it would be simply "ed.").

Ramanan, Kharlena. Neandertals: A Cyber Perspective. http:thunder.indstate.edu/~ramanank/.

Again, note the following features: The author and title of the website are given in the same format as bibliographical references for books. No reference to the sections of the website is given. Then the URL web address is given.

Caradoc of Llangarfan. The Life of Gildas. Translated by Hugh Williams. In Medieval Sourcebook. Edited by Paul Halsall. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/columba-rule.html.

Again, note the following features: The author and title are given in full, each followed by a period. Then the translator, if there is one, is given, written out in full. Then "In," (capital I) followed by the title of the website. Then "Edited by" and the name of the webmaster. Then the URL or web address..

North by Northwest. DVD. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. 1959; Burbank, Calif.: Warner Home Video, 2000.

Again, note the following features: The title of the film is listed first, followed by a period, then by the type of media, whether DVD or Videocassette. The words "Directed by" is written in full. In the example above, the producer and director are the same person. The original date of the film's release, then the place and name of the production company and date released.

Note that the Bible is not listed in the Bibliography, even if referenced in the notes. Other sacred writings take the form of books or primary sources in modern collections, as seems most fitting in a particular case. Nor are Dictionaries or Encyclopedias listed in the Bibliography, even if referenced in the notes.